Rubble masonry is a type of construction technique that involves the use of undressed, roughly squared stones or irregularly shaped stones that are arranged together with mortar to form walls, columns, or other structures.
Coursed Rubble Masonry and Uncoursed Rubble Masonry are two distinct approaches to constructing walls with natural stones. In coursed rubble masonry, stones are arranged in organized horizontal layers or “courses,” resembling neat rows of bricks. This method creates a more structured appearance, with stones of similar size and shape within each layer. Mortar is commonly used to hold the stones together. On the other hand, Uncoursed Rubble Masonry takes a more laid-back approach, with stones placed without a strict plan, resulting in a random and natural arrangement.
Some of the most common types of rubble masonry include random rubble masonry, coursed rubble masonry, dry rubble masonry, polygonal rubble masonry, and squared rubble masonry.
1. Uncoursed Rubble Masonry
In this type of masonry, stones are not arranged in a course, i.e. the stones are not placed in a horizontal layer rather just stacked over one another. That’s why it is called uncoursed rubble masonry.
Stones are utilized as obtained from the quarry, thus, making it the cheapest masonry construction as it saves the cost of dressing the stones. But, as the stones are undressed, they vary in shape and size to a large extent. This results in poor bonding between the stones.
This makes it the weakest masonry in terms of strength. Large stones are laid first followed by the filling of smaller stones in the voids.
Although the stones are used directly from the quarry without dressing, their projecting inconvenient corners are knocked off so that the bushing is
- Not more than 40 mm – for exposed walls without plaster
- Not more than 10 mm – for walls to be plastered
i) Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
The stone blocks are selected by a mason at random and placed roughly in a course so that a good bonding is achieved. Bigger stone blocks are laid at quoins & jambs to increase its strength. The weak corners and edges are removed with the help of a scabbling or spalling hammer.
As stones are used directly from the quarry, this masonry has varying appearances. The mason handpicks the blocks and places them to achieve a natural aesthetic appeal.
The minimum thickness that can be constructed with great care in ordinary buildings is 225 mm (9”). And if the construction is to be done with ease, 300 mm minimum thickness can be achieved.
Application
- In-wall construction in ordinary buildings of low height.
ii) Uncoursed Square Rubble Masonry
The faces of the stones are given a straight finish with the help of a hammer. The stones are laid along their natural beds, but in a random way without forming a course.
The voids are filled with mortar and stone chips. Care should be taken that chips are not laid on the bedding. Larger stones are placed at quoins.
2. Coursed Rubble Masonry
In this type of masonry, stones are arranged in a course, i.e. the stones are placed in a horizontal layer. That’s why it is called coursed rubble masonry.
i) Coursed Random Rubble Masonry
This type of masonry has hammer-dressed stones placed in a level course. The height of the stones should be more than their breadth, while its size varies between 5-10 cm. The stones are laid in layers of equal height. If the smaller stones are encountered, then two or three stones are stacked one above another to obtain the height of the course in which it is placed.
Such stones are placed in the intermediate courses and avoided at corners, bedding, and other critical locations. To ensure sufficient strength of the masonry, 14th of the face stones are tailed into the work for a length of at least twice their height. And all the remaining ones should be tailed into for the length of their height.
In addition to this, for stability, a header course is introduced at regular intervals.
Application
This masonry is suitable in hilly areas where stones are available in abundance at a cheaper rate. It is used in the construction of
- Low height walls of public buildings, residential buildings, etc.
- Boundary walls.
ii) Coursed Square Rubble Masonry
It is a superior variety of rubble masonry. In this type of masonry, stones are chisel-dressed into an almost square shape and arranged in courses.
These chisel-dressed square stone pieces are arranged in the facing while the backing constitutes of uncoursed random rubble masonry. Though the height of the courses may vary, the height of stones in each course is almost kept equal. The height of the course is kept between 100-300 mm. The construction of backing and facing shall be done simultaneously.
The component – joint is the most crucial one in any construction. In this masonry, joints are to be kept uniform. Also, small chips of stones are used to avoid thick mortar joints.
Application
This masonry is extensively utilized in hilly areas where good quality stones are easily available for the construction of,
- Public buildings
- Hospital
- Schools
3. Built to Regular Coursed Masonry
I.S. code refers to this type of masonry as Brought to the course. In this type of masonry, stones of uniform height are laid in horizontal layers not less than 130 mm in height.
The stone beds are hammer/chisel-dressed to at least 10 cm depth from the face to facilitate proper bonding. The vertical joints in the consecutive courses should not be allowed to coincide.
The construction pattern of this type of wall resembles that of uncoursed random rubble masonry. The major difference is that this masonry is roughly leveled up to courses at irregular intervals unlike the uncoursed random rubble masonry, where the stone pieces are not laid in courses.
The intervals in this masonry are decided based on locality and the type of stones used. This interval is generally in-between 300-900 mm.
4. Polygon Rubble Masonry
In this type of masonry, the stones are roughly hammer-pitched into irregular polygonal shapes. The stones used here are mostly without prominent stratification.
These stones are embedded in the facing to show the irregularity of face joints in all directions for aesthetic appeal.
It is mostly similar to Course Rubble Masonry of the first sort.
Arrangement of Stones
- Long joints in facing are avoided.
- Joints are broken as much as possible so that they do not coincide vertically.
(Strength of the masonry is reduced to a great extent when joints of the adjacent courses are placed one above another). Small pieces of stones should be avoided in providing support to facing stones.
5. Flint Rubble Masonry
This type of masonry is generally put to use where flint/cobble is available in abundance. These stones are 8-15 cm thick, 15-30 cm long. These stones are hard but brittle. They are laid in the facing, either coursed or uncoursed.
The brittleness of these stones reduces the strength of this masonry, which is supplemented by placing a Lacing course of thin stones/bricks at 1-2 m intervals in the vertical direction.
6. Dry Rubble Masonry
It is constructed in the form of random rubble masonry without mortar as its name suggests. This is achieved by filling up the hollow spaces around the stones placed by smaller stone pieces and so on until the stones are tightly packed.
This is cheaper as the cost of mortar is nullified. But, at the same time, skilled manpower is required to manage the stones alone without mortar.
The height of the stone pieces should be,
- In no case greater than 6 m
- If it is greater than 3 m, three adjacent courses are laid & at 3 m intervals in square rubble masonry.
Applications
- Non-load bearing walls- retaining walls
- Pitching of earthen dams & canal slopes
difference between coursed and uncoursed rubble masonry
The following is the difference between coursed and uncoursed rubble masonry
| Flint Rubble MasonryMasonry Type | Dressing/Finish | Course | Application |
| 1. Uncoursed rubble random | No dressing; Directly from QUARRY | Laid randomly | In-wall construction of low heights |
| i) Uncoursed Square Rubble | straight finish | Randomly, but on natural beds |
In hilly areas, where these stones are available in abundance |
| 2. Coursed Random Rubble | Hammer dressed | Placed in a levelled course |
Low height walls of public buildings, residential buildings, etc, Boundary walls |
| i) Coursed Square Rubble | Chisel-dressed into an almost square shape |
Carefully arranged in courses |
Construction of Public buildings, Hospital, Schools |
| 3. Built to regular course | Hammer/chisel dressed to at least 10 cm depth from the face |
Roughly levelled up to courses at irregular intervals |
In-wall construction |
| 4. Polygonal rubble masonry | roughly hammer-pitched into an irregular polygonal shape |
Laid in course; similar to coursed rubble masonry | Walls of forts, as in Great Wall of India(Rajasthan)Walls of houses |
| 5. Flint rubble masonry | Chiselled & carved in such a way to improve aesthetics of the building |
Laid in the facing, either coursed or uncoursed | Construction of churches, houses, etc.Townhall walls |
| 6. Dry rubble masonry | Either used directly or chisel dressed into the desired shape depending upon the aesthetic required |
Laid randomly; similar to Uncoursed random rubble masonry WITHOUT mortar |
Non-load bearing walls- retaining walls, Compound walls, Pitching of earthen dams & canal slopes |
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